Q. “I count him braver who overcomes his desires than him who overcomes his enemies.” – Aristotle (2013, 10 Marks)
Introduction
Aristotle emphasises the supremacy of self-mastery over external victory. Conquering enemies shows strength or strategy, but conquering one’s own desires requires inner discipline, moral courage and wisdom.
1. Inner Battles Are Harder Than External Battles
Desires such as greed, anger, pride or ambition influence human behaviour deeply.
Controlling them requires continuous self-awareness and effort.
Example: Civil servants resisting bribes or political pressure show greater bravery than those fighting external opponents.
2. Ethical Strength Comes from Self-Control
Aristotle’s virtue ethics emphasises moderation and regulation of impulses.
True courage lies in choosing the morally right over the emotionally tempting.
Example: Buddha’s rejection of worldly temptations symbolises mastery over desires.
3. Desires Often Lead to Ethical Failures
Uncontrolled desires cause corruption, exploitation and moral downfall.
Example: Scams like the 2G and coal allocation cases were driven by greed, not external enemies.
Many administrative lapses happen when officials succumb to the desire for power or personal gain.
4. Conquering Desires Builds Strong Character
Self-mastery strengthens virtues like integrity, patience and rationality.
Such individuals remain fair and transparent even under pressure.
Example: Mahatma Gandhi’s disciplined and simple lifestyle enhanced his moral authority.
5. External Enemies Change; Internal Enemies Persist
External battles occur occasionally, but internal battles are lifelong.
Continuous discipline is essential to maintain ethical conduct.
Example: Athletes, monks and leaders who practise strict routines achieve excellence through sustained self-control.
Conclusion
Aristotle’s statement highlights that the highest form of bravery is mastery over one’s desires. While defeating external enemies brings recognition, overcoming internal weaknesses builds character and ethical strength. For individuals, leaders and public servants, self-mastery is essential to act with integrity and uphold just conduct.